Bhash Core Ontology
type: Ontology
created: 2024-05-02
creator: Bhash Ontology Working Group
description: Upper-level classes and properties capturing shared Hedera and Hiero network concepts, including identity, governance, transactions, and data export semantics.
license: LICENSE-2.0
modified: 2025-09-16
source: hedera
source: transaction-lifecycle
source: hiero
imports: dcat
imports: prov
version IRI: 0.1.0-dev
version info: 0.1.0-dev
editorial note: Phase 2 expands the scaffold with account, key, staking, transaction lifecycle, and Hiero overlay abstractions reused by downstream service modules.

Consensus finality phase
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: Validator
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces record
  some values from: Transaction record
subclass of: Transaction phase
definition: Phase in which consensus nodes order the transaction and assign a consensus timestamp.
source document: consensus

Consensus node
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has account
  some values from: Account
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: participates in
  some values from: Validator onboarding process
subclass of: Node
subclass of: Validator
definition: Validator node participating in Hedera consensus ordering and staking.
source document: mainnet-nodes

Hiero consensus layer
type: Class
subclass of: Hiero layer
definition: Hiero layer responsible for ordering transactions and coordinating validator sets.
source document: hiero

Hiero execution layer
type: Class
subclass of: Hiero layer
definition: Hiero layer executing ordered transactions and maintaining state commitments.
source document: hiero

Hiero service layer
type: Class
subclass of: Hiero layer
definition: Hiero layer exposing Hedera services (tokens, consensus topics, contracts) to applications.
source document: hiero

Key list
type: Class
subclass of: Account key
definition: Composite key structure enforcing threshold or multi-signature requirements.
source document: keys

Mirror export phase
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: Mirror node
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces record
  some values from: Transaction record
subclass of: Transaction phase
definition: Phase where consensus and balance data are exported to mirror nodes for querying.
source document: record-and-balance-files

Public key
type: Class
subclass of: Account key
definition: Individual Ed25519 or ECDSA key associated with accounts, contracts, and services.
source document: cryptographic-keys

Threshold key
type: Class
subclass of: Account key
definition: Key arrangement requiring a subset of signatures out of a larger list to authorise an action.
source document: keys

Transaction execution phase
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: Actor
subclass of: Transaction phase
definition: Phase performing business logic and state transitions for the ordered transaction.
source document: execution

Transaction submission
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: Account
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: precedes phase
  some values from: Transaction phase
subclass of: Transaction phase
definition: Phase where a client signs and submits the transaction to a node.
source document: submit-a-transaction

Vote event
type: Class
subclass of: Governance decision
definition: Governance decision capturing the voting record that authorises a change.
source document: council

declines staking rewards
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Account
range: boolean
definition: Boolean flag indicating the account opts out of receiving staking rewards.
source document: staking-reward-distribution

governs
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Governance body
range: Network
sub property of: influenced
inverse of: is governed by
definition: Relates a governance body to the network scope over which it has authority.

has account alias
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Account
range: string
definition: Alias for the account, such as an EVM address or public key representation.
source document: account-alias

has layer
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Network
range: Hiero layer
inverse of: is layer of
definition: Associates a network with one of its Hiero layers.
source document: hiero

has role
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Actor
range: Role
sub property of: hadRole
definition: Associates an actor with a functional role it performs.

has shard
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Network
range: Hiero shard
inverse of: is shard of
definition: Relates a network to a Hiero shard subdivision.
source document: hip-840

operates service
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Actor
range: Service
inverse of: is operated by
definition: Indicates that an actor is responsible for operating or providing a service.

source document
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: Reference link to Hedera or Hiero documentation that supports an ontology element.

stakes to
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Account
range: Validator
definition: Denotes the validator that receives stake from an account.
source document: stake-hbar

Role
type: Class
subclass of: Role
subclass of: Concept
definition: Responsibility or capacity that an actor can perform within the network.

consumes artefact
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Service
range: Artefact
definition: Associates a service with artefacts it reads or depends upon.
source document: core-concepts

exposed on
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Service
range: Network
definition: Indicates the network or shard through which a service is made available.

has account ID
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Account
range: string
definition: String identifier representing the canonical account ID (shard.realm.num).
source document: accounts

has mandate
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Governance body
range: string
definition: Textual reference to the charter, HIP, or policy that defines a governance body's authority.
source document: council

has phase order
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Transaction phase
range: integer
definition: Ordinal index used to order transaction lifecycle phases.
source document: transaction-lifecycle

has record
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Transaction
range: Transaction record
sub property of: wasAttributedTo
definition: Links a transaction to the resulting record emitted after execution.
source document: transaction-record

has transaction phase
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Transaction
range: Transaction phase
definition: Associates a transaction artefact with the lifecycle phases it traverses.
source document: transaction-lifecycle

issues decision
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Governance process
range: Governance decision
sub property of: produces event
definition: Connects a governance process to the decision it issues.
source document: council

manages artefact
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Service
range: Artefact
definition: Links a service to the artefacts whose lifecycle it controls.

occurs on
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Process
range: Network
definition: Identifies the network context in which a process executes.

precedes phase
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Transaction phase
range: Transaction phase
definition: Orders transaction phases within the lifecycle.
source document: transaction-lifecycle

publishes dataset
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Mirror node
range: Mirror dataset
inverse of: is published by
definition: Indicates that a mirror node publishes a dataset for consumers.
source document: rest-api

records stake
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Staking process
range: Staking event
sub property of: produces event
definition: Indicates the staking event emitted by a staking process.
source document: staking

registered in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Artefact
range: Network
definition: Indicates the canonical network where an artefact is recorded.

secured by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Account
range: Account key
inverse of: secures account
definition: Connects an account to the key material that authorises its actions.
source document: keys

submitted by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Transaction
range: Account
definition: Identifies the account that paid for or submitted the transaction.
source document: submit-a-transaction

targets validator
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Validator onboarding process
range: Validator
definition: Identifies the validator being evaluated or activated by an onboarding process.
source document: hip-840

virtualises service
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Hiero layer
range: Service
definition: Relates a Hiero layer to the services it virtualises or hosts.
source document: hiero

Governance process
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: Governance body
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: issues decision
  some values from: Governance decision
subclass of: Process
definition: Process through which councils or committees evaluate and ratify network decisions.
source document: council

Hiero shard
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is shard of
  some values from: Network
subclass of: Network
definition: Network partition within Hiero that localises consensus and execution responsibilities.
source document: hip-840

Node
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has account
  some values from: Account
subclass of: Actor
definition: Operational actor (consensus or mirror) providing network infrastructure.
source document: mainnet-nodes

Staking event
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: wasGeneratedBy
  some values from: Staking process
subclass of: Event
definition: Event recording a staking action or reward distribution.
source document: stake-hbar

Staking process
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: Account
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: records stake
  some values from: Staking event
subclass of: Process
definition: Process that binds accounts to validator nodes and accrues staking rewards.
source document: staking

Validator onboarding process
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: targets validator
  some values from: Validator
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: produces event
  some values from: Governance decision
subclass of: Governance process
definition: Governance process that evaluates, approves, and activates validator participants.
source document: hip-840

has account
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Actor
range: Account
inverse of: is account of
definition: Relates an actor to an account under its control.
source document: accounts

is account of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Account
range: Actor
definition: Links an account back to the actor that owns or controls it.
source document: accounts

is governed by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Network
range: Governance body
sub property of: wasInfluencedBy
definition: Associates a network with the governance body that exercises authority over it.

is layer of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Hiero layer
range: Network
definition: Links a Hiero layer to the network it belongs to.
source document: hiero

is operated by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Service
range: Actor
sub property of: wasAssociatedWith
definition: Associates a service with the actor accountable for running it.

is published by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Mirror dataset
range: Mirror node
definition: Links a dataset back to the mirror node that publishes it.
source document: rest-api

is shard of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Hiero shard
range: Network
definition: Indicates which broader network a Hiero shard belongs to.
source document: hip-840

participates in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Actor
range: Process
inverse of: has participant
definition: Connects an actor to a process in which it takes part.

secures account
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Account key
range: Account
definition: Indicates which account a key structure protects.
source document: keys

Mirror dataset
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is published by
  some values from: Mirror node
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: accessURL
  some values from: anyURI
subclass of: Dataset
subclass of: Artefact
definition: Dataset published by a mirror node exposing consensus records or account state.
source document: rest-api

Transaction
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has transaction phase
  some values from: Transaction phase
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has record
  some values from: Transaction record
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: submitted by
  some values from: Account
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: registered in
  some values from: Network
subclass of: Artefact
definition: Signed payload submitted to the Hedera network that changes ledger state upon execution.
source document: transaction-lifecycle

produces record
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Transaction phase
range: Transaction record
sub property of: produces event
definition: Indicates that a transaction phase emits a transaction record.
source document: transaction-record

Governance decision
type: Class
subclass of: Event
definition: Recorded outcome of a governance process, such as an approved vote or mandate.
source document: council

Mirror node
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: publishes dataset
  some values from: Mirror dataset
subclass of: Node
definition: Data replication node exposing consensus history via REST and gRPC APIs.
source document: mirror-node

Event
type: Class
subclass of: Entity
subclass of: Concept
definition: Bounded outcome or observation emitted by a process, typically recorded through mirror nodes or logs.

Governance body
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has mandate
  some values from: string
subclass of: Actor
definition: Formal collective responsible for decision-making over network policy or operations.
source document: council

Validator
type: Class
subclass of: Actor
definition: Node operator that participates in consensus or execution for Hedera or Hiero networks.
source document: validators

produces event
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Process
range: Event
sub property of: generated
definition: States that a process yields a specific event observation.

Account key
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: secures account
  some values from: Account
subclass of: Artefact
definition: Key material that authorises actions for accounts, topics, files, and tokens.
source document: account-properties

Concept
type: Class
definition: Abstract superclass for all Bhash ontology entities.

Hiero layer
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is layer of
  some values from: Network
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: virtualises service
  some values from: Service
subclass of: Network
definition: Logical component of the Hiero architecture (consensus, execution, or service layer).
source document: hiero

Transaction record
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: wasGeneratedBy
  some values from: Transaction phase
subclass of: Event
definition: Structured record capturing the result of a processed transaction.
source document: transaction-record

Service
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Artefact
  on property: manages artefact
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is operated by
  some values from: Actor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: exposed on
  some values from: Network
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Artefact
  on property: consumes artefact
subclass of: Service
subclass of: Concept
definition: A capability offered by the Hedera network such as consensus, token management, or smart contract execution.
source document: core-concepts

Artefact
type: Class
subclass of: Entity
subclass of: Concept
definition: Digital object or state produced or managed by Hedera services (topics, tokens, files, smart contracts).

Process
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: occurs on
  some values from: Network
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Event
  on property: produces event
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has participant
  some values from: Actor
subclass of: Activity
subclass of: Concept
definition: Coordinated activity that changes network state, such as transaction execution or governance voting.

has participant
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Process
range: Actor
sub property of: wasAssociatedWith
definition: Relates a process to the actors that are associated with it.

Transaction phase
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has phase order
  some values from: integer
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Transaction record
  on property: produces record
subclass of: Process
definition: Segment of the transaction lifecycle (submission, consensus, execution, export).
source document: transaction-lifecycle

Account
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is account of
  some values from: Actor
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: secured by
  some values from: Account key
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has account ID
  some values from: string
subclass of: Actor
definition: On-ledger identity storing keys, balances, and staking configuration for participation in Hedera services.
source document: accounts

Actor
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: participates in
  some values from: Process
subclass of: Agent
subclass of: Concept
definition: An agent that participates in Hedera or Hiero network operations, such as councils, operators, or wallets.
source document: accounts

Network
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is governed by
  some values from: Governance body
subclass of: Actor
definition: A distributed environment (e.g., mainnet, testnet, shard) that provides Hedera services.
source document: mainnet-nodes